Monthly Archives: November 2009
Transfer of Auditory Perceptual Learning with Spectrally Reduced Speech to Speech and Nonspeech Tasks: Implications for Cochlear Implants
Conclusions: Listeners trained to identify noise-vocoded sentences showed evidence of transfer of perceptual learning to the identification of environmental sounds. In addition, the correlation between environmental sound identification and sentence transcription indicates that subjects who were better able to use the degraded acoustic information to identify the environmental sounds were also better able to transcribe the linguistic content of novel sentences. Both trained and untrained groups performed equally well (∼75% correct) on the gender-identification task, indicating that training did not have an effect on the ability to identify the gender of talkers. Although better than chance, performance on the talker discrimination task was poor overall (∼55%), suggesting that either explicit training is required to discriminate talkers’ voices reliably or that additional information (perhaps spectral in nature) not present in the vocoded speech is required to excel in such tasks. Taken together, the results suggest that although transfer of auditory perceptual learning with spectrally degraded speech does occur, explicit task-specific training may be necessary for tasks that cannot rely on temporal information alone.
from Ear and Hearing
True vocal fold nodules: the role of differential diagnosis
Summary: Further study with the application of new technology in the laboratory and clinic will continue to refine our differential diagnosis and understanding of vocal fold nodules.
from Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Vocal cord paralysis in children
Summary: VFP is a well recognized problem in pediatric patients with disordered voice and breathing. Some patients will spontaneously recover their laryngeal function. For those who do not, a variety of reliable techniques are available for rehabilitative treatment.
from Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Voice therapy and vocal nodules in adults
Summary: The relationship between vocal nodules and excessive, phonotraumatic voice use is well established. Voice therapy typically consists of education regarding vocal fold mechanics and etiological factors, as well as modification of specific vocal practices that either cause, exacerbate or result from inappropriate voice production. Therapy can be effective in improving voice quality and tissue health but does not necessarily result in complete resolution of pathology. It should always be considered as a part of the treatment regimen for patients with vocal nodules.
from Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
Assessing speech perception in young children and relationships with language skills
Few materials are available to assess speech perceptual skills in young children without hearing impairments. However, children with a range of developmental conditions are at risk of speech discrimination deficits. Tasks that reliably assess speech perception skills are thus necessary for research and clinical practice. The development and application of two speech perception tests are described. Data were collected from 105 children, aged 4–5 years, attending mainstream schools, on two tasks, mispronunciation detection and non-word XAB, in quiet and in a background of multi-talker babble. Children’s receptive language skills were also measured. Performance on mispronunciation detection was significantly better than on the XAB non-word task, and significantly better in quiet than in babble. Performance significantly improved with age, and speech discrimination was significantly related to receptive language abilities. Scores obtained in quiet and in babble were highly correlated and findings suggest there may be no advantage to testing in noise, except to avoid ceiling effects on performance. These tasks prove useful in the assessment of young children who may have speech discrimination deficits.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Brazilian young adults and noise: Attitudes, habits, and audiological characteristics
The objective of this study was to examine behaviors and attitudes of Brazilian teenagers towards noise, and determine their audiological characteristics. Participants were 245 young persons (14 to 18 years old) who attended private school. Behaviors and attitudes were measured using the validated Portuguese version of the Youth Attitude to Noise Scale (YANS). Pure-tone audiometry was used to evaluate the hearing of a sub-sample of 24 participants. Music played through personal media players was the most common exposure reported. A substantial percentage of participants reported temporary tinnitus (69%) after attending discos, music concerts, and listening to music through headphones. Tinnitus complaints were more frequent among females (41%) than males (27%). Four participants (1.6%) reported use of a hearing protector. Among a subsample of 24 participants, two (8%) young women had bilateral audiometric notches. YANS scores in the present study were slightly lower than those obtained in Sweden and the US, indicating a more negative attitude towards noise. Gender, age, country, and/or region are variables that will influence exposure to noise or music and possibly hearing outcomes.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Development of a Danish speech intelligibility test
A Danish speech intelligibility test for assessing the speech recognition threshold in noise (SRTN) has been developed. The test consists of 180 sentences distributed in 18 phonetically balanced lists. The sentences are based on an open word-set and represent everyday language. The sentences were equalized with respect to intelligibility to ensure uniform SRTN assessments with all lists. In contrast to several previously developed tests such as the hearing in noise test (HINT) where the equalization is based on scored (objective) measures of word intelligibility, the present test used an equalization method based on subjective assessments of the sentences. The new equalization method is shown to create lists with less variance between the SRTNs than the traditional method. The number of sentence levels included in the SRTN calculation was also evaluated and differs from previous tests. The test was verified with 14 normal-hearing listeners; the overall SRTN lies at a signal-to-noise ratio of −3.15 dB with a standard deviation of 1.0 dB. The list-SRTNs deviate less than 0.5 dB from the overall mean.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Development of the Mandarin pediatric speech intelligibility (MPSI) test
The objective of this research was to create a Mandarin closed-set sentence recognition test based on the English pediatric speech intelligibility (PSI) test (Jerger & Jerger, 1984) for evaluation of speech perception in children as young as three years of age. Developmentally normal children (N = 93), 3–6 years of age, were administered the Mandarin PSI (MPSI) via a computer-controlled protocol. Perfect performance was observed for all children in quiet and at +10 and +5 dB signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Significant age and developmental trends were seen for the more difficult SNRs, 0 dB, −5 dB, and −10 dB, with 75% of 5–6 year olds reaching the most difficult SNR. Children who reached each of the more difficult SNRs, regardless of age, exhibited the same pattern of performance on all easier conditions, indicating that the final SNR achieved, rather than percent correct scores, may be a better descriptor of performance. The MPSI comprises part of a hierarchical assessment battery for pediatric speech perception for evaluation of intervention alternatives for Mandarin-speaking children with hearing impairment.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Hearing status, need for recovery after work, and psychosocial work characteristics: Results from an internet-based national survey on hearing
The main aim of the study is to address the relationship between hearing status and need for recovery. In addition, the role of hearing status in the relationship between psychosocial work characteristics (i.e. job demands and job control) and need for recovery was assessed. The sample comprised 925 normally-hearing and hearing-impaired working adults (aged 18–65 years) participating in the National Longitudinal Study on Hearing. Hearing status was determined using the national hearing (speech-in-noise) test over the internet. Psychosocial work characteristics and need for recovery were assessed using the job content questionnaire and the Dutch questionnaire on the experience and assessment of work. Regression models revealed a significant association between hearing status and need for recovery after work, poorer hearing leading to an increasing need for recovery. Additionally, poorer hearing led to a higher odds for risky levels of need for recovery. Hearing status did not influence the significant relationship between psychosocial work characteristics (i.e. job demand and job control) and need for recovery after work. Implications for clinical practice, such as the necessity of having adequate enablement programs for this specific group of patients, are discussed.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Perception of speech with envelope enhancement in individuals with auditory neuropathy and simulated loss of temporal modulation processing
Individuals with auditory neuropathy (AN) often suffer from temporal processing deficits causing speech perception difficulties. In the present study an envelope enhancement scheme that incorporated envelope expansion was used to reduce the effects of temporal deficits. The study involved two experiments. In the first experiment, to simulate the effects of reduced temporal resolution, temporally smeared speech stimuli were presented to listeners with normal hearing. The results revealed that temporal smearing of the speech signal reduced identification scores. With the envelope enhancement of the speech signal prior to being temporally smeared, identification scores improved significantly compared to temporally smeared condition. The second experiment assessed speech perception in twelve individuals with AN, using unprocessed and envelope-enhanced speech signals. The results revealed improvement in speech identification scores for the majority of individuals with AN when the envelope of the speech signal was enhanced. However, envelope enhancement was not able to improve speech identification scores for individuals with AN who had very poor unprocessed speech scores. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that applying envelope enhancement strategies in hearing aids might provide some benefits to many individuals with AN.
from the International Journal of Audiology
The effect of hearing impairment in older people on the spouse: Development and psychometric testing of The Significant Other Scale for Hearing Disability (SOS-HEAR)
The effects of hearing impairment on the person with the impairment and on their significant others are pervasive and affect the quality of life for all involved. The effect of hearing impairment on significant others is known as a third-party disability. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically test a scale to measure the third-party disability experienced by spouses of older people with hearing impairment. The Significant Other Scale for Hearing Disability (SOS-HEAR) was based on results of a previous qualitative study investigating the effect of hearing impairment on a spouse’s everyday life. Psychometric testing with 100 spouses was conducted using item analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, factor analysis, and test-retest reliability. Principal components analysis identified six key underlying factors. A combined set of 27 items was found to be reliable (alpha = 0.94), with weighted kappa for items ranging from fair to very good. The SOS-HEAR is a brief, easy to administer instrument that has evidence of reliability and validity. The SOS-HEAR could serve as a means of identifying spouses of older people with hearing impairment in need of intervention, directed towards either the couple or the spouse alone.
from the International Journal of Audiology
The national protocol for paediatric amplification in Australia
This document describes the national protocol for the selection, fitting, verification, and evaluation of amplifcation for hearing-impaired children in Australia. It also outlines the approach to management of children who have auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, children who have mild and unilateral hearing loss, and children who require cochlear implantation. Audiological management of all Australian citizens and permanent residents under twenty-one years of age who have a hearing loss is carried out by the national hearing service provider, Australian Hearing. It is funded by the Australian Government’s Hearing Services Program to provide fully subsidised hearing aids, frequency modulated (FM) systems and ongoing audiological management. All hearing aids for children are multi-channel devices that offer wide dynamic range compression, directional microphone technology and feedback cancellation as well as access to multiple listening programs, telecoil and audio-input facilities. Hearing aid gain, frequency response and maximum power output are derived according to the NAL-NL1 prescription procedure and verified using real ear measurements. Amplification benefit is evaluated using a range of speech perception tests and functional assessment questionnaires.
from the International Journal of Audiology
Speech and Span: Working Memory Capacity Impacts the Use of Animacy but Not of World Knowledge during Spoken Sentence Comprehension
We present results from a study demonstrating that high- and low-span listeners show qualitatively different brain responses when comprehending simple active sentences. Participants listened to naturally produced sentences in three conditions, in which the plausibility of thematic relations was manipulated, for instance, The dog(1)/The poet(2)/The box(3) is biting the mailman. Event-related potentials were recorded to the first noun, the verb, and the second noun in all three conditions. In (2), the thematic relations between the words in the sentence is less expected given our world knowledge, and this resulted in an N400 of semantic processing difficulty to the second noun for both high- and low-span subjects. In (3), the inanimate first noun cannot be the agent of the verb. Only high-span subjects showed an effect of animacy on the sentence-initial nouns, evident from a larger anterior negative shift to inanimate than animate nouns. Furthermore, to the thematically violated verbs (3), low-span subjects showed an N400, whereas high-span subjects generated a P600. We suggest that this P600 effect to the thematically violated verb may be related to processing costs resulting from a conflict between the provisional thematic roles assigned as a function of the inanimate sentence-initial noun, and the actual (animate) agent required by the verb. We further argue that low-span subjects lag behind those with high span in their use of animacy, but not real-world knowledge in the on-line computation of thematic roles in spoken language comprehension.
from the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
N400-like Potentials and Reaction Times Index Semantic Relations between Highly Repeated Individual Words
The N400 ERP is an electrophysiological index of semantic processing. Its amplitude varies with the semantic category of words, their concreteness, or whether their meaning matches that of a preceding context. The results of a number of studies suggest that these effects could be markedly reduced or suppressed for stimuli that are repeated. Nevertheless, we have recently shown that significant effects of semantic matching and category could be obtained on N400-like potentials elicited by massively repeated target words in a prime–target semantic categorization task. If such effects could be obtained when primes also are repeated, it would then be possible to study the semantic associations between individual words. The present study thus aimed to test this hypothesis while (1) controlling for a potential contribution of physical matching to the processing of repeated targets and (2) testing if the N400-like effects obtained in these conditions are modulated by task instruction, as are classic N400 effects. Two category words were used as primes and two exemplars as targets. In one block of trials, subjects had to respond according to the semantic relation between prime and target (semantic instruction) and, in another block, they had to report changes in letter case (physical instruction). Results showed that the amplitude of the N400-like ERP obtained was modulated by semantic matching and category but not by letter case. The effect of semantic matching was observed only in the semantic instruction block. Interestingly, the effect of category was not modulated by task instruction. An independent component analysis showed that the component that made the greatest contribution to the effect of semantic matching in the time window of the N400-like potential had a scalp distribution similar to that reported for the N400 and was best fit as a bilateral generator in the superior temporal gyrus. The use of repetition could thus allow, at least in explicit semantic tasks, a drastic simplification of N400 protocols. Highly repeated individual words could be used to study semantic relations between individual concepts.
from the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Motor Development in Very Preterm and Very Low-Birth-Weight Children From Birth to Adolescence
Conclusion Being born preterm or VLBW is associated with significant motor impairment persisting throughout childhood.
