Monthly Archives: February 2010
Modeling Child-Based Theoretical Reading Constructs With Struggling Adult Readers
This study examined whether measurement constructs behind reading-related tests for struggling adult readers are similar to what is known about measurement constructs for children. The sample included 371 adults reading between the third-and fifth-grade levels, including 127 men and 153 English speakers of other languages. Using measures of skills and subskills, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test child-based theoretical measurement models of reading: an achievement model of reading skills, a core deficit model of reading subskills, and an integrated model containing achievement and deficit variables. Although the findings present the best measurement models, the contribution of this article is the description of the difficulties encountered when applying child-based assumptions to developing measurement models for struggling adult readers.
from the Journal of Learning Disabilities
Reading Component Skills of Learners in Adult Basic Education
The purposes of this study were to investigate the reliability and construct validity of measures of reading component skills with a sample of adult basic education (ABE) learners, including both native and nonnative English speakers, and to describe the performance of those learners on the measures. Investigation of measures of reading components is needed because available measures were neither developed for nor normed on ABE populations or with nonnative speakers of English. The study included 486 students, 334 born or educated in the United States (native) and 152 not born or educated in the United States (nonnative) but who spoke English well enough to participate in English reading classes. All students had scores on 11 measures covering five constructs: decoding, word recognition, spelling, fluency, and comprehension. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test three models: a two-factor model with print and meaning factors; a three-factor model that separated out a fluency factor; and a five-factor model based on the hypothesized constructs. The five-factor model fit best. In addition, the CFA model fit both native and nonnative populations equally well without modification, showing that the tests measure the same constructs with the same accuracy for both groups. Group comparisons found no difference between the native and nonnative samples on word recognition, but the native sample scored higher on fluency and comprehension and lower on decoding than did the nonnative sample. Students with self-reported learning disabilities scored lower on all reading components. Differences by age and gender were also analyzed.
from the Journal of Learning Disabilities
Relationships Among Reading Skills of Adults With Low Literacy
In this study, confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the interrelationships among latent factors of the simple view model of reading comprehension (word recognition and language comprehension) and hypothesized additional factors (vocabulary and reading fluency) in a sample of 476 adult learners with low literacy levels. The results provided evidence for reliable distinctions between word recognition, fluency, language comprehension, and vocabulary skills as components of reading. Even so, the data did not support the hypothesis that the simple view needs to be expanded to include vocabulary or fluency factors, as has been posited in a few prior studies of younger and more able readers. Rather, word recognition and language comprehension alone were found to account adequately for variation in reading comprehension in adults with low literacy.
from the Journal of Learning Disabilities
β-Bungarotoxin application to the round window: An in vivo deafferentation model of the inner ear
Hearing impairment can be caused by a primary lesion to the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) with the hair cells kept intact, for example via tumours, trauma or auditory neuropathy. To mimic these conditions in animal models various methods of inflicting damage to the inner ear have been used. However, only a few methods have a selective effect on the SGNs, which is of importance since it might be clinically more relevant to study hearing impairment with the hair cells undamaged. β-Bungarotoxin is a venom of the Taiwan banded krait, which in vitro has been shown to induce apoptosis in neurons, leaving remaining cochlear cells intact. We wanted to create an in vivo rat model of selective damage to primary auditory neurons. Under deep anaesthesia, 41 rats received β-Bungarotoxin or saline to the round window niche. At postoperative intervals between days 3 and 21 auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurement, immunohistochemistry, SGN quantification and cochlear surface preparation were performed. The results in the β-Bungarotoxin-treated ears, as compared with sham-operated ears, show significantly increased ABR thresholds at all postoperative intervals, illustrating a severe to profound hearing loss at all tested frequencies (3.5, 7, 16 and 28 kHz). Quantification of the SGNs showed no obvious reduction in neuronal numbers until 14 days postoperatively. Between days 14 and 21 a significant reduction in SGN numbers was observed. Cochlear surface preparation and immunohistocemhistry showed that the hair cells were intact. Our results illustrate that in vivo application of β-Bungarotoxin to the round window niche is a feasible way of deafening rats by SGN reduction while the hair cells are kept intact.
from Hearing Research
Premature infant swallowing: Patterns of tongue-soft palate coordination based upon videofluoroscopy
Coordination between movements of individual tongue points, and between soft palate elevation and tongue movements, were examined in 12 prematurely born infants referred from hospital NICUs for videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) due to poor oral feeding and suspicion of aspiration. Detailed post-evaluation kinematic analysis was conducted by digitizing images of a lateral view of digitally superimposed points on the tongue and soft palate. The primary measure of coordination was continuous relative phase of the time series created by movements of points on the tongue and soft palate over successive frames. Three points on the tongue (anterior, medial, and posterior) were organized around a stable in-phase pattern, with a phase lag that implied an anterior to posterior direction of motion. Coordination between a tongue point and a point on the soft palate during lowering and elevation was close to anti-phase at initiation of the pharyngeal swallow. These findings suggest that anti-phase coordination between tongue and soft palate may reflect the process by which the tongue is timed to pump liquid by moving it into an enclosed space, compressing it, and allowing it to leave by a specific route through the pharynx.
Investigation of the reliability of the SSI-3 for preschool Persian-speaking children who stutter
There is a pressing need in Iran for the translation of widely used speech-language assessment tools into Persian. This study reports the interjudge and intrajudge reliability of a Persian translation of the Stuttering Severity Instrument-3 (SSI-3) (Riley, 1994). There was greater than 80% interjudge and intrajudge agreement on scale scores for Frequency and Duration, 54% interjudge and 62.2% intrajudge agreement for “Physical Concomitants” and greater than 80% interjudge and intrajudge agreement for the Overall score. In conclusion, although percentage agreement for Physical Concomitant Behaviors was low, the Persian translation of SSI-3 shows otherwise acceptable interjudge and intrajudge reliability when performed under ideal conditions.
Discrimination of native and non-native vowel contrasts in bilingual Turkish–German and monolingual German children: Insight from the Mismatch Negativity ERP component
The development of native-like memory traces for foreign phonemes can be measured by using the Mismatch Negativity (MMN), a component of the auditory event-related potential. Previous studies have shown that the MMN is sensitive to changes in neural organization depending on language experience. Here we measured the MMN response in 5–6 year-old monolingual German and bilingual Turkish–German kindergarten children growing up in Germany. MMN was investigated to a German vowel contrast and to a vowel contrast that exists in Turkish and in German. The results show that compared to a German control group, the MMN response is less robust in Turkish–German children to the German vowel contrast. The response to the contrast that exists in both languages does not differ between groups. Overall, the results suggest that the Turkish–German children have not yet fully acquired the German phonetic inventory despite living in Germany since birth and being immersed in a German-speaking environment.
from Brain and Language
Scaffolding rehabilitation behaviour using a voice-mediated assistive technology for cognition
A variety of cognitive deficits can lead to difficulties performing complex behavioural sequences and thus, disability in the performance of routine and rehabilitation behaviours. Interventions to date involve increasing support or providing behavioural training. Assistive technologies for cognition have the potential to augment cognitive capacity thus enabling the performance of behavioural sequences. Guide is an assistive technology for cognition that scaffolds task performance by providing verbal prompts and responding to verbal feedback. Guide was used to provide verbal support and guidance for eight amputees (mean age 64), with cognitive impairment of vascular origin, putting on their prosthetic limbs. Participants were referred to the research due to problems learning the correct behavioural sequence. The research used repeated trials with random assignment to intervention and baseline conditions. The voice-mediated assistive technology for cognition resulted in a significant reduction of safety critical errors and omitted steps. Discussion focuses upon the relation between voice-mediated cognitive support for memory and executive function, and suggestions are made for future research.
Auditory development in the absence of hearing in infancy
While hearing loss may be present from birth or come on gradually as a person gets older, it isn’t always permanent.
from Healthfinder.gov
Larynx Preservation Treatments Result in Low Instance of Severe Voice Disability, Nutritional Dysfunction
Head and neck cancer patients receiving induction chemotherapy followed by radiation to preserve their larynx have a low-risk of severe voice disability and almost half experienced no eating or swallowing problems, according to a first of its kind study presented at the Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Symposium, sponsored by AHNS, ASCO, ASTRO and SNM.
from ScienceDaily.com
Health Tip: Hearing Loss May Be Temporary
While hearing loss may be present from birth or come on gradually as a person gets older, it isn’t always permanent.
from Healthfinder.gov
AST now offers programs and services to treat children with developmental disorders
Autism Spectrum Therapies (AST), an agency providing comprehensive autism services throughout Southern California, is expanding its services to include speech and language programs and occupational therapy, in addition to behavior therapy. The focus of the new services will be early intervention for children from infancy to age three and developmental catch-up for young children who have fallen behind in any developmental area.
from News-Medical.net
Stutterers to benefit from $4.7 m NHMRC grant
For children and adults who stutter, the Australian Stuttering Research Centre at the Faculty of Health Sciences has been both a comfort and a mine of valuable treatment information since it first opened its doors in 1996.
And this week it was announced that the founding director Professor Mark Onslow and colleagues Associate Professors Ann Packman and Ross Menzies have been awarded a $4,775,000 National Health and Medical Research Council Program Grant for research about stuttering treatments that are driven by information technology.
from the University of Sydney news
NIH Grant to Aid Autism Language Investigation
A UT Dallas neuroscientist has earned a $1.6 million, five-year grant from the National Institutes of Health to investigate how autistic children process language and why they experience communication difficulties.
The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders awarded the grant to Dr. Michael Kilgard, associate professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences. The funds will enable his lab to evaluate therapies aimed at counteracting the speech- and sound-related deficits that often limit the ability of autistic people to learn and live independently.
A mother’s sensitivity may help language growth in children with autism spectrum disorder
A new study by researchers from the University of Miami shows that maternal sensitivity may influence language development among children who go on to develop autism. Although parenting styles are not considered as a cause for autism, this report examines how early parenting can promote resiliency in this population. The study entitled, “A Pilot Study of Maternal Sensitivity in the Context of Emergent Autism,” is published online this month and will appear in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
from EurekAlert.org
